RESUMEN El significado del término psicometría se puede abordar desde distintas perspectivas, tales como la consulta de diccionarios, el punto de vista de expertos internacionales o el análisis de un corpus lingüístico. Para este estudio, se ha partido de un corpus actualizado del español. La muestra fue de 90 documentos válidos de los que se seleccionó el primer texto de modo que las frecuencias de los temas procedieran de textos independientes. El método empleado fue el análisis temático tabular estructurado (AT-TE). Los resultados indican que la acepción más frecuente en español es la relativa al análisis de la calidad de las medidas, seguida de la que refiere a la evaluación y finalmente la de un enfoque metodológico en general, lo que es coherente con los diccionarios de autoridades, pero se aleja de la perspectiva mayoritaria de expertos internacionales, que consideran que la psicometría no tendría por qué vincularse a la psicología.

ABSTRACT Understanding the meaning of the term psychometrics can be approached from different perspectives, such as the consultation of dictionaries, the point of view of international experts, or the analysis of a linguistic corpus. For this study, an up-to-date Spanish corpus was used as the starting point. The sample consisted of 90 valid documents from which the first text was selected so that the frequencies of the themes came from independent texts. The method used was structured tabular thematic analysis (ST-TA). The results indicate that the most frequent meaning in Spanish is that related to the analysis of the quality of measurements, followed by that referring to evaluation, and finally that of a methodological approach in general. This is consistent with the dictionaries of authorities, but departs from the majority perspective of international experts, who consider that psychometrics does not necessarily have to be linked to psychology.

Abstract Metamethod studies describe procedures and examine whether the analyses used are appropriate for an area of research, in this case emotion regulation, which has increased in relevance within the field of psychology in recent years. The objective of this study is to carry out a metamethod analysis of qualitative research on emotion regulation strategies. The analysis was based on the reading of abstracts and full texts from 317 publications. When the inclusion criteria were applied, the final sample consisted of 25 studies. Findings indicated consistency between the methods of analysis employed and the focus of the studies. The semi-structured interview was the most common procedure for data collection and thematic analysis the most used method. Consensus among the investigators was the most widespread quality control. To support methodological integrity, it is recommended that qualitative researchers provide more information on procedures and approaches.

Resumen Los estudios metamétodo describen procedimientos y examinan si los análisis empleados son los adecuados para un ámbito de investigación, que en este caso es la regulación emocional cuya relevancia psicológica ha aumentado en los últimos años. El objetivo de este trabajo es el análisis metamétodo de las investigaciones cualitativas sobre las estrategias de regulación emocional. El análisis se realizó a partir de la lectura de resúmenes y de textos completos partiendo de 317 publicaciones. Al aplicar los criterios de inclusión, la muestra final contó con 25 estudios. Se halló coherencia entre los métodos de análisis y el foco de los estudios. La entrevista semiestructurada fue el procedimiento común para la recogida de datos y el análisis temático el método más utilizado. El consenso entre investigadores fue el control de calidad habitual. Para avalar la integridad metodológica se recomienda a los investigadores cualitativos proporcionar más información sobre los procedimientos y enfoques.

Resumo A regulação das emoções na infância e adolescência tem implicações em diferentes áreas, tanto nestas fases como na vida adulta. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar um teste de regulação emocional, Emotional Regulation Checklist (ERC), usando o CET-R como marco de referência. Foram analisados 71 artigos que utilizaram o ERC para a avaliação da regulação emocional. A informação foi classificada de acordo com a descrição do teste, confiabilidade e validade. Todos os resultados de confiabilidade foram mostrados usando o coeficiente alfa Cronbach. Em relação à validade, a média das correlações do ERC com os critérios foi adequada, mas com algumas falhas. É aconselhável a realização de pesquisas utilizando modelos psicométricos avançados.

Abstract Emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence has implications in different areas, both in these stages and in adult life. The objective of this article was to evaluate an emotional regulation test, Emotional Regulation Checklist (ERC), using CET-R as a frame of reference. We analyzed 71 articles that used the ERC for the evaluation of emotional regulation. The information was sorted according to test description, reliability and validity. All reliability results were shown using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. In relation to validity the average of the ERC correlations with the criteria was adequate but with some shortcomings. It is advisable to conduct research using advanced psychometric models.

Resumen Durante la infancia y la adolescencia la regulación de las emociones tiene repercusiones en diferentes ámbitos, tanto en estas etapas como en la vida adulta. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar un test de regulación emocional, Emotional Regulation Checklist (ERC), utilizando el CET-R como marco de referencia. Se analizaron 71 artículos que emplearon el ERC para la evaluación de la regulación emocional. La información se clasificó teniendo en cuenta la descripción del test, su fiabilidad y validez. Todos los resultados de fiabilidad se mostraron mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. En relación a la validez, fue adecuado el promedio de las correlaciones del ERC con sus criterios, pero con algunas carencias. Es recomendable plantear investigaciones con modelos psicométricos avanzados.

Abstract The assessment of emotion regulation requires not only knowledge of the construct and the tests that evaluate it, but also of the quality of those instruments. The objective of this article is to analyze, using the Revised Test Evaluation Questionnaire, the psychometric properties of the two most commonly used tests in the evaluation of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). We analyzed 653 articles describing studies in which these tests were used. Evidence of criterion validity differs between the two both qualitatively and quantitatively. The reliability expressed as internal consistency coefficients was positively evaluated in both tests. Given that most of the investigations used a methodology based on classical test theory, it is recommended to consider the study of the properties of these tests based on advanced psychometric models.

Resumen La evaluación de la regulación emocional no solo requiere del conocimiento del constructo y de los test que lo evalúan sino también de la calidad de esos instrumentos. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar, mediante el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Test Revisado, las propiedades psicométricas de los dos test más empleados en la evaluación de la regulación emocional, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) y Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Se analizaron 653 artículos que describían estudios en los que se emplearon estos test. La evidencia de validez de criterio difiere entre ambos tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente. La fiabilidad expresada en coeficientes de consistencia interna puede valorarse positivamente en ambos test. Dado que la mayoría de las investigaciones emplearon una metodología basada en la Teoría Clásica de los Test se recomienda abordar el estudio de las propiedades de estos test desde modelos psicométricos avanzados.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar dos sistemas de puntuación para un test de fluidez verbal con el Modelo de Escalas de Calificación. Método: Se analizaron datos de 289 participantes, de los cuales 92 habían sido diagnosticados con Parkinson. Las puntuaciones se calcularon con dos sistemas de categorización: un procedimiento convencional y otro basado en percentiles. Resultados: Las puntuaciones Rasch procedentes de percentiles dan lugar a categorías adecuadas y medidas fiables; la correlación con las puntuaciones del test Minimental es evidencia de validez concurrente. Tras controlar estadísticamente el efecto de la edad, las medidas Rasch procedentes de percentiles discriminan entre ambos grupos, lo que evidencia validez predictiva. Conclusiones: El análisis de los dos procedimientos permite recomendar el uso de las categorías basadas en percentiles.

Abstract Objective: Two scoring systems for a verbal fluency test were compared using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. Method: The analysis was carried out on 289 participants, 92 of whom had had a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. Scores were calculated with two different category systems: a conventional procedure and a percentile-based one. Results: The percentile-based Rasch scores produce adequate categories and reliable measures, while the correlation with the Mini Mental State Examination evinces concurrent validity. After statistically controlling for age, percentile-based Rasch measures discriminated between both groups, demonstrating predictive validity. Conclusions: The analysis of the two procedures allows for the recommendation of the use of percentile-based categories.

Resumen Reconocer y denominar expresiones emocionales son habilidades en cuyo estudio existe un creciente interés por parte de la psicología y las neurociencias; trastornos tales como el autismo, la esquizofrenia y la depresión se caracterizan por dificultades en reconocer las emociones ajenas. El hallazgo de diferencias a favor de las mujeres en Percepción Emocional (PE) ha sido replicado transculturalmente por lo que sirve como evidencia de validez. En esta investigación, de diseño instrumental, se construyeron 28 ítems y se pusieron a prueba mediante el modelo de Rasch (MR) en una muestra de población general española (102 varones y 102 mujeres; rango de edad=18-65). El ajuste datos-modelo fue suficiente. Las medidas de las personas muestran que el test resultó fácil (rango = -.60 a 4.14 logits). Se hallaron las diferencias sexuales predichas, d= -.36 (d con corrección de la atenuación= -.50); que ningún ítem mostrase funcionamiento diferencial (DIF) asociado al sexo y que la variable construida tenga propiedades intervalares añade confianza al valor estimado del tamaño del efecto. La construcción de una escala de intervalo en la que se localizan conjuntamente ítems y personas ofrece información cuantitativa y permite detectar patrones inesperados de respuesta que pueden ser de utilidad para el diagnóstico neuropsicológico.

Abstract Recognizing and labeling emotion expressions are abilities in whose study psychology and the neurosciences are increasingly interested; disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and depression are characterized by difficulties in recognizing others' emotions. The finding of sex differences favoring women in Emotion Perception (EP) has been replicated cross-culturally, and so it can be used as validity evidence. In this instrumental design study, some 28 items were constructed and tested by means of the Rasch model (RM) in a Spanish community sample (102males and 102 females; age range=18-65). Data-model fit was good enough. Person measures show that the test was easy (range = -.60 to 4.14 logits). Even so, the predicted sex differences favoring women were found, d= -.36 (disattenuated d= -.50). That no item showed sex-related Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and that the constructed variable has interval scale properties add confidence to the effect size estimated value. The construction of an interval scale on which EP items and persons are conjointly represented offers quantitative information and allows the discovery of unexpected response patterns.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver uma versão computadorizada para um teste de reconhecimento associativo, desenvolver itens para a construção e informatização de um teste de reconhecimento de itens, utilizando o modelo de Rasch. Também foi objetivo deste estudo testar as hipóteses dos níveis de dificuldade dos itens e buscar evidência de validade para os instrumentos, averiguando se as mulheres obtêm desempenho superior ao dos homens. Participaram 217 estudantes universitários, homens e mulheres, com idade média de 25 anos. Os resultados indicaram que os testes se ajustaram ao modelo de Rasch, apresentaram índices de fidedignidade adequados e não apresentaram funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF). Obteve-se empiricamente a ordem esperada de dificuldade das categorias de itens do teste individual e uma alta correlação entre a ordem de dificuldade esperada dos pares e a ordem obtida dos pares. As mulheres apresentaram um desempenho significativamente superior ao dos homens, que não se deve ao DIF.

The objectives of this study were to develop items for a computerized version of an associative recognition memory test and to develop items for the construction and computerization of an individual recognition memory test, using the Rasch model. This study also aimed to test the hypothesis related to the item difficulty levels and to search for validity evidences for the instruments investigating if there are differences between male and female performance. Two hundred and seventeen college students, male and female, with average age of 25 years, participated in the study. Results indicated that the tests fit the Rasch model, presented adequate reliability index and did not present differential item functioning (DIF). The expected difficulty order of item categories from the individual subtest as well as a large correlation between the pairs expected difficulty order and the pairs obtained order were found. Women presented significantly higher performance than men and it is not due to DIF.

De forma consistente con las teorías actuales de la emoción, el desprecio no es una categoría homogénea, sino que presenta variedad intracategorial. La investigación previa en muestras españolas muestra una estructura comunicativa en la que el desprecio se experimenta hacia receptores íntimos, sociales o abstractos por razones recíprocas, altruistas o prejuiciosas. Nuestro objetivo fue poner a prueba, en una muestra grande y heterogénea, la estructura previamente encontrada para la experiencia de desprecio, así como sus variedades y expresión facial espontánea. Un objetivo secundario fue la puesta a prueba de la asociación de las variedades del desprecio con atributos de sujeto. Los resultados de 130 entrevistas procedentes de población general española corroboraron la estructura y variedades previamente halladas, así como la asociación entre el receptor del desprecio y la atribución causal. La relación con el sexo, la edad y la aptitud de reconocimiento emocional no resultó significativa. Con respecto a la expresión facial, la de asco apareció con mayor frecuencia en quienes narraron episodios de desprecio por razones de reciprocidad y con menor frecuencia en quienes describieron escenarios prejuiciosos. Este resultado indica que la expresión convencionalmente considerada como de desprecio no es la única, como ya estableció Darwin, por lo que no debería considerarse como tal en los procedimientos experimentales y psicométricos.

Consistent with current emotion theory, we should note that contempt is not a homogeneous category but rather shows intracategorial variability. Previous research on Spanish samples shows a communicative structure in which contempt is felt towards intimate, social or abstract receivers, for reciprocal, altruistic or prejudiced reasons. Our objective was to test, on a large and heterogeneous sample, the previously found structure and variations of the experience of contempt as well as its spontaneous facial expression. Testing the association of contempt varieties with certain subject attributes was a secondary goal. Results from 130 participants from the Spanish general population corroborated the previously found structure and varieties, as well as the associations between contempt receiver and attribution. No relation was found with sex, age or emotion recognition ability. As to spontaneous facial expression, disgust was more often expressed by those who narrated their personal episodes of contempt for reciprocal reasons, and was less often expressed by the people who described prejudiced scenarios. This result indicates that the conventionally considered facial expression of contempt is not the only one, as already stated by Darwin, and should not be considered as such by experimental and psychometric procedures.

Foi objetivo a validação da versão portuguesa do Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) mediante o modelo Rasch Rating Scale e a sua comparação com as escalas mais usadas de ansiedade em Portugal. A amostra consistia de 1160 adultos (427 homens e 733 mulheres) com idades entre 18-82 anos (M = 33,39; DP = 11,85). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: BAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory e Zung Anxiety Scale. Verificou-se que o sistema de quatro categorias, o ajuste dos dados ao modelo e a fidelidade das pessoas eram adequados. A medida é unidimensional. O género e as diferenças relacionadas com a idade não se mostraram ameaças à validade. O BAI correlaciona-se significativamente com as restantes medidas de ansiedade. Conclui-se que o instrumento apresenta boa qualidade psicométrica.

Our objective was to conduct a validation study of the Portuguese version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) by means of the Rasch Rating Scale Model, and then compare it with the most used scales of anxiety in Portugal. The sample consisted of 1,160 adults (427 men and 733 women), aged 18-82 years old (M=33.39; SD=11.85). Instruments were Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. It was found that Beck Anxiety Inventory's system of four categories, the data-model fit, and people reliability were adequate. The measure can be considered as unidimensional. Gender and age-related differences were not a threat to the validity. BAI correlated significantly with other anxiety measures. In conclusion, BAI shows good psychometric quality.

O objectivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar as características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da escala de Rosenberg mediante o modelo de Escalas de Classificação, uma extensão para itens politómicos do modelo de Rasch. Foi recolhida uma amostra de 510 estudantes universitários, 223 do sexo masculino e 287 do sexo feminino, com uma média etária de 21.7 anos (DP = 3.80). As análises indicam que o ajuste dos dados ao modelo é aceitável. Conclui-se que tanto o formato de resposta da versão portuguesa (tipo Likert com quatro categorias) como a fiabilidade dos dados resultam adequados. No entanto, de um ponto de vista substantivo e, em concordância com estudos prévios, constata-se que a escala não permite distinguir as pessoas com níveis médio e alto de auto-estima.

The objective of this study consisted on evaluating the psychometrical characteristics of the Portuguese version of the Rosenberg Scale by means of the Rating Scale model, an extension for the polytomic items of the Rasch Model. A sample of 510 college students was collected, 223 males and 287 females, with an average of 21.7 years (SD = 3.80). The analysis indicates that the adjustment of the data to the model is acceptable. We conclude that the response format from the Portuguese version (Likert type with four categories) as well as the reliability of the data, results adequate. However, from a substantive point of view, and in agreement with previous studies, it appears that the scale does not distinguish people with medium and high levels of self-esteem.